feat(#410): add support for functions to use with the LTREE data type

docs/AVAILABLE-FUNCTIONS-AND-OPERATORS.md

@@ -49,6 +49,11 @@ Complete documentation for mathematical operations and utility functions.
 - **[Mathematical and Utility Functions](MATHEMATICAL-FUNCTIONS.md)**
 - Includes: Mathematical functions, type conversion functions, formatting functions, utility functions
 
+### **🌳 Ltree Functions**
+Complete documentation for PostgreSQL ltree (label tree) operations and hierarchical data processing.
+- **[Ltree Functions](LTREE-TYPE.md)**
+- Includes: Path manipulation functions, ancestor/descendant operations, type conversion functions
+
 ## 🚀 Quick Reference
 
 ### Most Commonly Used Functions
@@ -83,6 +88,13 @@ Complete documentation for mathematical operations and utility functions.
 - `ROUND` - Round numeric values
 - `RANDOM` - Generate random numbers
 
+**Ltree Operations:** ([Complete documentation](LTREE-TYPE.md))
+- `SUBLTREE` - Extract subpath from ltree
+- `SUBPATH` - Extract subpath with offset and length
+- `NLEVEL` - Get number of labels in path
+- `INDEX` - Find position of ltree in another ltree
+- `LCA` - Find longest common ancestor
+
 ## 📋 Summary of Available Function Categories
 
 ### **Array & JSON Functions**
@@ -111,6 +123,11 @@ Complete documentation for mathematical operations and utility functions.
 - **Aggregation**: Array and JSON aggregation functions
 - **Utility Functions**: Random numbers, rounding, type casting
 
+### **Ltree Functions**
+- **Path Operations**: Extract subpaths, manipulate hierarchical paths
+- **Ancestor Operations**: Find common ancestors, calculate path levels
+- **Type Conversion**: Convert between ltree and text types
+
 ### **Operators**
 - **Array Operators**: Contains, overlaps, element testing
 - **Spatial Operators**: Bounding box and distance operations
@@ -125,6 +142,7 @@ Complete documentation for mathematical operations and utility functions.
 4. **JSON functions** support both JSON and JSONB data types → [Array and JSON Functions](ARRAY-AND-JSON-FUNCTIONS.md)
 5. **Range functions** provide efficient storage and querying for value ranges → [Range Types](RANGE-TYPES.md)
 6. **Mathematical functions** work with numeric types and return appropriate precision → [Mathematical Functions](MATHEMATICAL-FUNCTIONS.md)
+7. **Ltree functions** provide efficient hierarchical data operations and path manipulation → [Ltree Functions](LTREE-TYPE.md)
 
 ---
 

docs/LTREE-TYPE.md

@@ -219,3 +219,158 @@ final readonly class MyEntityOnFlushListener
     }
 }
 ```
+
+## Ltree Functions
+
+This library provides DQL functions for all PostgreSQL ltree operations. These functions allow you to work with ltree data directly in your Doctrine queries.
+
+### Path Manipulation Functions
+
+#### `SUBLTREE(ltree, start, end)`
+Extracts a subpath from an ltree from position `start` to position `end-1` (counting from 0).
+
+```php
+// DQL
+$dql = "SELECT SUBLTREE(e.path, 1, 2) FROM Entity e";
+// SQL: subltree(e.path, 1, 2)
+// Example: subltree('Top.Child1.Child2', 1, 2) → 'Child1'
+```
+
+#### `SUBPATH(ltree, offset, len)`
+Extracts a subpath starting at position `offset` with length `len`. Supports negative values.
+
+```php
+// DQL
+$dql = "SELECT SUBPATH(e.path, 0, 2) FROM Entity e";
+// SQL: subpath(e.path, 0, 2)
+// Example: subpath('Top.Child1.Child2', 0, 2) → 'Top.Child1'
+
+// With negative offset
+$dql = "SELECT SUBPATH(e.path, -2) FROM Entity e";
+// SQL: subpath(e.path, -2)
+// Example: subpath('Top.Child1.Child2', -2) → 'Child1.Child2'
+```
+
+#### `SUBPATH(ltree, offset)`
+Extracts a subpath starting at position `offset` extending to the end of the path.
+
+```php
+// DQL
+$dql = "SELECT SUBPATH(e.path, 1) FROM Entity e";
+// SQL: subpath(e.path, 1)
+// Example: subpath('Top.Child1.Child2', 1) → 'Child1.Child2'
+```
+
+### Path Information Functions
+
+#### `NLEVEL(ltree)`
+Returns the number of labels in the path.
+
+```php
+// DQL
+$dql = "SELECT NLEVEL(e.path) FROM Entity e";
+// SQL: nlevel(e.path)
+// Example: nlevel('Top.Child1.Child2') → 3
+```
+
+#### `INDEX(a, b)`
+Returns the position of the first occurrence of `b` in `a`, or -1 if not found.
+
+```php
+// DQL
+$dql = "SELECT INDEX(e.path, 'Child1') FROM Entity e";
+// SQL: index(e.path, 'Child1')
+// Example: index('Top.Child1.Child2', 'Child1') → 1
+```
+
+#### `INDEX(a, b, offset)`
+Returns the position of the first occurrence of `b` in `a` starting at position `offset`.
+
+```php
+// DQL
+$dql = "SELECT INDEX(e.path, 'Child1', 1) FROM Entity e";
+// SQL: index(e.path, 'Child1', 1)
+// Example: index('Top.Child1.Child2', 'Child1', 1) → 1
+```
+
+### Ancestor Functions
+
+#### `LCA(ltree1, ltree2, ...)`
+Computes the longest common ancestor of multiple paths (up to 8 arguments supported).
+
+```php
+// DQL
+$dql = "SELECT LCA(e.path1, e.path2, e.path3) FROM Entity e";
+// SQL: lca(e.path1, e.path2, e.path3)
+// Example: lca('Top.Child1.Child2', 'Top.Child1', 'Top.Child2.Child3') → 'Top'
+```
+
+### Type Conversion Functions
+
+#### `TEXT2LTREE(text)`
+Casts text to ltree.
+
+```php
+// DQL
+$dql = "SELECT TEXT2LTREE('Top.Child1.Child2') FROM Entity e";
+// SQL: text2ltree('Top.Child1.Child2')
+// Example: text2ltree('Top.Child1.Child2') → 'Top.Child1.Child2'::ltree
+```
+
+#### `LTREE2TEXT(ltree)`
+Casts ltree to text.
+
+```php
+// DQL
+$dql = "SELECT LTREE2TEXT(e.path) FROM Entity e";
+// SQL: ltree2text(e.path)
+// Example: ltree2text('Top.Child1.Child2'::ltree) → 'Top.Child1.Child2'
+```
+
+### Usage Examples
+
+#### Finding Ancestors and Descendants
+
+```php
+// Find all descendants of a specific path
+$dql = "SELECT e FROM Entity e WHERE e.path <@ TEXT2LTREE('Top.Child1')";
+
+// Find all ancestors of a specific path
+$dql = "SELECT e FROM Entity e WHERE TEXT2LTREE('Top.Child1') <@ e.path";
+
+// Find the longest common ancestor of multiple entities
+$dql = "SELECT LCA(e1.path, e2.path) FROM Entity e1, Entity e2 WHERE e1.id = 1 AND e2.id = 2";
+```
+
+#### Path Analysis
+
+```php
+// Get the depth of a path
+$dql = "SELECT NLEVEL(e.path) FROM Entity e";
+
+// Extract the parent path (everything except the last label)
+$dql = "SELECT SUBPATH(e.path, 0, NLEVEL(e.path) - 1) FROM Entity e";
+
+// Extract the root label
+$dql = "SELECT SUBPATH(e.path, 0, 1) FROM Entity e";
+```
+
+#### Path Manipulation
+
+```php
+// Find entities at a specific level
+$dql = "SELECT e FROM Entity e WHERE NLEVEL(e.path) = 2";
+
+// Find entities with a specific parent
+$dql = "SELECT e FROM Entity e WHERE SUBPATH(e.path, 0, NLEVEL(e.path) - 1) = 'Top.Child1'";
+
+// Find entities that contain a specific label
+$dql = "SELECT e FROM Entity e WHERE INDEX(e.path, 'Child1') >= 0";
+```
+
+### Performance Considerations
+
+- Use GiST or GIN indexes on ltree columns for optimal performance
+- The `@>` and `<@` operators work automatically with ltree types
+- Consider using `SUBPATH` with negative offsets for efficient parent path extraction
+- `LCA` function is efficient for finding common ancestors in hierarchical data

fixtures/MartinGeorgiev/Doctrine/Entity/ContainsLtrees.php

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Fixtures\MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\Entity;
+
+use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping as ORM;
+
+#[ORM\Entity()]
+class ContainsLtrees extends Entity
+{
+    #[ORM\Column(type: 'ltree')]
+    public string $ltree1;
+
+    #[ORM\Column(type: 'ltree')]
+    public string $ltree2;
+
+    #[ORM\Column(type: 'ltree')]
+    public string $ltree3;
+}

src/MartinGeorgiev/Doctrine/ORM/Query/AST/Functions/Ltree/Index.php

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\Ltree;
+
+use MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\BaseVariadicFunction;
+
+/**
+ * Implementation of PostgreSQL index function for ltree.
+ *
+ * Returns position of first occurrence of b in a, or -1 if not found.
+ * The search starts at position offset; negative offset means start -offset labels from the end of the path.
+ *
+ * @see https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/ltree.html#LTREE-FUNCTIONS
+ * @since 3.5
+ *
+ * @author Martin Georgiev <martin.georgiev@gmail.com>
+ *
+ * @example Using it in DQL: "SELECT INDEX(e.path, 'Child1') FROM Entity e"
+ * Returns integer, position of first occurrence or -1 if not found.
+ */
+class Index extends BaseVariadicFunction
+{
+    protected function getNodeMappingPattern(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'StringPrimary,StringPrimary,SimpleArithmeticExpression',
+            'StringPrimary,StringPrimary',
+        ];
+    }
+
+    protected function getFunctionName(): string
+    {
+        return 'index';
+    }
+
+    protected function getMinArgumentCount(): int
+    {
+        return 2;
+    }
+
+    protected function getMaxArgumentCount(): int
+    {
+        return 3;
+    }
+}

src/MartinGeorgiev/Doctrine/ORM/Query/AST/Functions/Ltree/Lca.php

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\Ltree;
+
+use MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\BaseVariadicFunction;
+
+/**
+ * Implementation of PostgreSQL lca function.
+ *
+ * Computes longest common ancestor of paths (up to 8 arguments are supported).
+ *
+ * @see https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/ltree.html#LTREE-FUNCTIONS
+ * @since 3.5
+ *
+ * @author Martin Georgiev <martin.georgiev@gmail.com>
+ *
+ * @example Using it in DQL: "SELECT LCA(e.path1, e.path2) FROM Entity e"
+ * Returns ltree, longest common ancestor of paths.
+ */
+class Lca extends BaseVariadicFunction
+{
+    protected function getNodeMappingPattern(): array
+    {
+        return ['StringPrimary'];
+    }
+
+    protected function getFunctionName(): string
+    {
+        return 'lca';
+    }
+
+    protected function getMinArgumentCount(): int
+    {
+        return 2;
+    }
+
+    protected function getMaxArgumentCount(): int
+    {
+        return 8;
+    }
+}

src/MartinGeorgiev/Doctrine/ORM/Query/AST/Functions/Ltree/Ltree2text.php

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\Ltree;
+
+use MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\BaseFunction;
+
+/**
+ * Implementation of PostgreSQL ltree2text function.
+ *
+ * Casts ltree to text.
+ *
+ * @see https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/ltree.html#LTREE-FUNCTIONS
+ * @since 3.5
+ *
+ * @author Martin Georgiev <martin.georgiev@gmail.com>
+ *
+ * @example Using it in DQL: "SELECT LTREE2TEXT(e.path) FROM Entity e"
+ * Returns text, converted from ltree.
+ */
+class Ltree2text extends BaseFunction
+{
+    protected function customizeFunction(): void
+    {
+        $this->setFunctionPrototype('ltree2text(%s)');
+        $this->addNodeMapping('StringPrimary');
+    }
+}

src/MartinGeorgiev/Doctrine/ORM/Query/AST/Functions/Ltree/Nlevel.php

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\Ltree;
+
+use MartinGeorgiev\Doctrine\ORM\Query\AST\Functions\BaseFunction;
+
+/**
+ * Implementation of PostgreSQL nlevel function.
+ *
+ * Returns number of labels in path.
+ *
+ * @see https://www.postgresql.org/docs/17/ltree.html#LTREE-FUNCTIONS
+ * @since 3.5
+ *
+ * @author Martin Georgiev <martin.georgiev@gmail.com>
+ *
+ * @example Using it in DQL: "SELECT NLEVEL(e.path) FROM Entity e"
+ * Returns integer, number of labels in path.
+ */
+class Nlevel extends BaseFunction
+{
+    protected function customizeFunction(): void
+    {
+        $this->setFunctionPrototype('nlevel(%s)');
+        $this->addNodeMapping('StringPrimary');
+    }
+}