feat: add throttle function example code in codeing exercise

Author: codomposer

coding-exercise/throttle-function/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+# Throttle Function
+
+## Challenge
+Implement a throttle function that limits the rate at which a callback can execute, ensuring it runs at most once per specified time interval.
+
+## Problem Description
+Throttling is a technique used to control the rate at which a function executes. Unlike debouncing (which delays execution until activity stops), throttling ensures a function executes at regular intervals during continuous activity.
+
+### Real-World Use Cases
+- **Scroll Events**: Update UI elements (like progress bars or lazy-loading) at a controlled rate while scrolling
+- **Mouse Movement**: Track cursor position without overwhelming the browser with updates
+- **Window Resize**: Recalculate layout at regular intervals during resize
+- **API Rate Limiting**: Ensure requests don't exceed API rate limits
+- **Game Development**: Limit action frequency (e.g., shooting, jumping) to prevent spam
+- **Auto-save**: Save user input at regular intervals while they're typing
+- **Infinite Scroll**: Load more content at controlled intervals while scrolling
+
+## Example
+
+### Input
+```js
+function updateScrollPosition(position) {
+    console.log(`Scroll position: ${position}px`);
+}
+
+const throttledUpdate = throttle(updateScrollPosition, 1000);
+
+// User scrolls continuously
+throttledUpdate(100);  // t=0ms
+throttledUpdate(200);  // t=100ms
+throttledUpdate(300);  // t=200ms
+throttledUpdate(400);  // t=300ms
+throttledUpdate(500);  // t=1100ms
+throttledUpdate(600);  // t=1200ms
+```
+
+### Output
+```
+// Executes at regular 1000ms intervals
+Scroll position: 100px   // t=0ms (immediate)
+Scroll position: 500px   // t=1100ms (after 1000ms)
+Scroll position: 600px   // t=2200ms (after another 1000ms)
+```
+
+## Requirements
+1. The throttle function should accept a function and a time limit
+2. It should return a new function that limits execution rate
+3. The function should execute immediately on the first call (leading edge)
+4. Subsequent calls within the time limit should be controlled
+5. The function should preserve the correct `this` context and arguments
+6. Should handle both leading and trailing edge execution options
+
+## Key Concepts
+- **Closures**: Maintaining state (lastExecuted, timeoutId) across function calls
+- **Higher-Order Functions**: Returning a function from a function
+- **setTimeout/clearTimeout**: Managing asynchronous delays
+- **Function Context**: Using `apply()` to preserve `this` binding
+- **Timestamps**: Using `Date.now()` to track execution timing
+
+## Implementation Approaches
+
+### 1. Leading Edge Throttle
+Executes immediately on first call, then ignores calls for the limit duration:
+```js
+function throttleLeading(func, limit) {
+    let inThrottle = false;
+    
+    return function(...args) {
+        if (!inThrottle) {
+            func.apply(this, args);
+            inThrottle = true;
+            setTimeout(() => inThrottle = false, limit);
+        }
+    };
+}
+```
+
+### 2. Leading + Trailing Edge Throttle
+Executes immediately and also schedules a final execution:
+```js
+function throttle(func, limit) {
+    let lastExecuted = 0;
+    let timeoutId = null;
+    
+    return function(...args) {
+        const now = Date.now();
+        const timeSinceLastExecution = now - lastExecuted;
+        
+        if (timeSinceLastExecution >= limit) {
+            lastExecuted = now;
+            func.apply(this, args);
+        } else {
+            clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+            const remainingTime = limit - timeSinceLastExecution;
+            timeoutId = setTimeout(() => {
+                lastExecuted = Date.now();
+                func.apply(this, args);
+            }, remainingTime);
+        }
+    };
+}
+```
+
+## Throttle vs Debounce
+
+| Feature | Throttle | Debounce |
+|---------|----------|----------|
+| **Execution Pattern** | At regular intervals during activity | Only after activity stops |
+| **Frequency** | Guaranteed execution every X ms | Single execution after silence |
+| **Use Case** | Continuous updates (scroll, resize) | Wait for completion (search input) |
+| **Example** | Update scroll position every 100ms | Search API call 500ms after typing stops |
+| **Behavior** | Executes periodically while active | Executes once when idle |
+
+### Visual Comparison
+```
+User Activity:  ████████████████████████████████
+                ↓   ↓   ↓   ↓   ↓   ↓   ↓   ↓
+
+Throttle:       ✓       ✓       ✓       ✓
+                (executes at regular intervals)
+
+Debounce:                                   ✓
+                (executes only after activity stops)
+```
+
+## Benefits
+- **Performance**: Reduces unnecessary function calls during high-frequency events
+- **Consistency**: Ensures predictable execution intervals
+- **User Experience**: Provides smooth, responsive updates without lag
+- **Resource Management**: Prevents overwhelming the browser or server
+- **Battery Life**: Reduces CPU usage on mobile devices
+
+## Common Pitfalls
+
+### 1. Losing `this` Context
+```js
+// ❌ Wrong: Arrow function loses context
+function throttle(func, limit) {
+    return () => func(); // 'this' is lost
+}
+
+// ✓ Correct: Use regular function and apply
+function throttle(func, limit) {
+    return function(...args) {
+        func.apply(this, args); // Preserves 'this'
+    };
+}
+```
+
+### 2. Not Clearing Previous Timeouts
+```js
+// ❌ Wrong: Multiple timeouts can stack up
+function throttle(func, limit) {
+    return function() {
+        setTimeout(() => func(), limit); // Creates new timeout every call
+    };
+}
+
+// ✓ Correct: Clear previous timeout
+function throttle(func, limit) {
+    let timeoutId;
+    return function() {
+        clearTimeout(timeoutId); // Clear previous
+        timeoutId = setTimeout(() => func(), limit);
+    };
+}
+```
+
+### 3. Forgetting to Pass Arguments
+```js
+// ❌ Wrong: Arguments are lost
+function throttle(func, limit) {
+    return function() {
+        func(); // No arguments passed
+    };
+}
+
+// ✓ Correct: Collect and pass arguments
+function throttle(func, limit) {
+    return function(...args) {
+        func.apply(this, args); // Pass all arguments
+    };
+}
+```
+
+## Interview Tips
+
+### Questions You Might Be Asked
+1. **"What's the difference between throttle and debounce?"**
+   - Throttle: Regular intervals during activity
+   - Debounce: Single execution after activity stops
+
+2. **"When would you use throttle over debounce?"**
+   - Use throttle for continuous updates (scroll, resize, mouse move)
+   - Use debounce for completion-based actions (search, form validation)
+
+3. **"How would you implement leading vs trailing edge?"**
+   - Leading: Execute immediately, ignore subsequent calls
+   - Trailing: Schedule execution for end of interval
+   - Both: Execute immediately and schedule final call
+
+4. **"What are the performance benefits?"**
+   - Reduces function calls (e.g., from 1000/sec to 10/sec)
+   - Prevents browser lag and jank
+   - Reduces API calls and server load
+
+5. **"How do you preserve the `this` context?"**
+   - Use regular function (not arrow function)
+   - Use `func.apply(this, args)` to call original function
+
+### Code Review Points
+- ✓ Preserves `this` context with `apply()`
+- ✓ Passes all arguments with rest/spread operators
+- ✓ Clears previous timeouts to prevent memory leaks
+- ✓ Uses closures correctly to maintain state
+- ✓ Handles edge cases (first call, rapid calls, etc.)
+
+## Advanced Variations
+
+### Throttle with Options
+```js
+function throttle(func, limit, options = {}) {
+    const { leading = true, trailing = true } = options;
+    let lastExecuted = 0;
+    let timeoutId = null;
+    
+    return function(...args) {
+        const now = Date.now();
+        
+        if (!lastExecuted && !leading) {
+            lastExecuted = now;
+        }
+        
+        const remaining = limit - (now - lastExecuted);
+        
+        if (remaining <= 0) {
+            if (timeoutId) {
+                clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+                timeoutId = null;
+            }
+            lastExecuted = now;
+            func.apply(this, args);
+        } else if (!timeoutId && trailing) {
+            timeoutId = setTimeout(() => {
+                lastExecuted = leading ? Date.now() : 0;
+                timeoutId = null;
+                func.apply(this, args);
+            }, remaining);
+        }
+    };
+}
+```
+
+### Throttle with Cancel Method
+```js
+function throttle(func, limit) {
+    let timeoutId = null;
+    let lastExecuted = 0;
+    
+    const throttled = function(...args) {
+        const now = Date.now();
+        const remaining = limit - (now - lastExecuted);
+        
+        if (remaining <= 0) {
+            lastExecuted = now;
+            func.apply(this, args);
+        }
+    };
+    
+    // Add cancel method
+    throttled.cancel = function() {
+        clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+        timeoutId = null;
+        lastExecuted = 0;
+    };
+    
+    return throttled;
+}
+```
+
+## Testing Considerations
+```js
+// Test basic throttling
+const mockFn = jest.fn();
+const throttled = throttle(mockFn, 1000);
+
+throttled(); // Should execute
+throttled(); // Should be ignored
+jest.advanceTimersByTime(1000);
+throttled(); // Should execute
+
+expect(mockFn).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+```
+
+## Related Patterns
+- **Debounce**: Delays execution until activity stops
+- **Rate Limiting**: Restricts number of calls in a time window
+- **Request Animation Frame**: Browser-optimized throttling for animations
+- **Web Workers**: Offload heavy computations to background threads
+
+## Further Reading
+- [MDN: Closures](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Closures)
+- [Lodash throttle implementation](https://lodash.com/docs/#throttle)
+- [CSS Tricks: Debouncing and Throttling](https://css-tricks.com/debouncing-throttling-explained-examples/)