Rollup merge of #142328 - sorairolake:feature/uint-bit-width, r=tgross35

feat: Add `bit_width` for unsigned integer types

- Accepted ACP: rust-lang/libs-team#598
- Tracking issue: rust-lang/rust#142326

This PR adds methods to the primitive unsigned integer types that return the minimum number of bits required to represent an unsigned integer.

Author: matthiaskrgr