Rollup merge of #140628 - joboet:async_signal_safe, r=Mark-Simulacrum

std: stop using TLS in signal handler

TLS is not async-signal-safe, making its use in the signal handler used to detect stack overflows unsound (c.f. #133698). POSIX however lists two thread-specific identifiers that can be obtained in a signal handler: the current `pthread_t` and the address of `errno`. Since `pthread_equal` is not AS-safe, `pthread_t` should be considered opaque, so for our purposes, `&errno` is the only option. This however works nicely: we can use the address as a key into a map that stores information for each thread. This PR uses a `BTreeMap` protected by a spin lock to hold the guard page address and thread name and thus fixes #133698.

Author: fmease