[3.13] gh-124210: Add introduction to threading docs (GH-127046) (#134091)

Co-authored-by: Semyon Moroz <donbarbos@proton.me>
Co-authored-by: Peter Bierma <zintensitydev@gmail.com>

Author: 3 people

Doc/library/threading.rst

@@ -11,6 +11,52 @@
 This module constructs higher-level threading interfaces on top of the lower
 level :mod:`_thread` module.
 
+.. include:: ../includes/wasm-notavail.rst
+
+Introduction
+------------
+
+The :mod:`!threading` module provides a way to run multiple `threads
+<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_(computing)>`_ (smaller
+units of a process) concurrently within a single process. It allows for the
+creation and management of threads, making it possible to execute tasks in
+parallel, sharing memory space. Threads are particularly useful when tasks are
+I/O bound, such as file operations or making network requests,
+where much of the time is spent waiting for external resources.
+
+A typical use case for :mod:`!threading` includes managing a pool of worker
+threads that can process multiple tasks concurrently.  Here's a basic example of
+creating and starting threads using :class:`~threading.Thread`::
+
+   import threading
+   import time
+
+   def crawl(link, delay=3):
+       print(f"crawl started for {link}")
+       time.sleep(delay)  # Blocking I/O (simulating a network request)
+       print(f"crawl ended for {link}")
+
+   links = [
+       "https://python.org",
+       "https://docs.python.org",
+       "https://peps.python.org",
+   ]
+
+   # Start threads for each link
+   threads = []
+   for link in links:
+       # Using `args` to pass positional arguments and `kwargs` for keyword arguments
+       t = threading.Thread(target=crawl, args=(link,), kwargs={"delay": 2})
+       threads.append(t)
+
+   # Start each thread
+   for t in threads:
+       t.start()
+
+   # Wait for all threads to finish
+   for t in threads:
+       t.join()
+
 .. versionchanged:: 3.7
    This module used to be optional, it is now always available.
 
@@ -45,7 +91,25 @@ level :mod:`_thread` module.
    However, threading is still an appropriate model if you want to run
    multiple I/O-bound tasks simultaneously.
 
-.. include:: ../includes/wasm-notavail.rst
+GIL and performance considerations
+----------------------------------
+
+Unlike the :mod:`multiprocessing` module, which uses separate processes to
+bypass the :term:`global interpreter lock` (GIL), the threading module operates
+within a single process, meaning that all threads share the same memory space.
+However, the GIL limits the performance gains of threading when it comes to
+CPU-bound tasks, as only one thread can execute Python bytecode at a time.
+Despite this, threads remain a useful tool for achieving concurrency in many
+scenarios.
+
+As of Python 3.13, experimental :term:`free-threaded <free threading>` builds
+can disable the GIL, enabling true parallel execution of threads, but this
+feature is not available by default (see :pep:`703`).
+
+.. TODO: At some point this feature will become available by default.
+
+Reference
+---------
 
 This module defines the following functions:
 
@@ -62,7 +126,7 @@ This module defines the following functions:
 
    Return the current :class:`Thread` object, corresponding to the caller's thread
    of control.  If the caller's thread of control was not created through the
-   :mod:`threading` module, a dummy thread object with limited functionality is
+   :mod:`!threading` module, a dummy thread object with limited functionality is
    returned.
 
    The function ``currentThread`` is a deprecated alias for this function.
@@ -157,13 +221,13 @@ This module defines the following functions:
 
    .. index:: single: trace function
 
-   Set a trace function for all threads started from the :mod:`threading` module.
+   Set a trace function for all threads started from the :mod:`!threading` module.
    The *func* will be passed to  :func:`sys.settrace` for each thread, before its
    :meth:`~Thread.run` method is called.
 
 .. function:: settrace_all_threads(func)
 
-   Set a trace function for all threads started from the :mod:`threading` module
+   Set a trace function for all threads started from the :mod:`!threading` module
    and all Python threads that are currently executing.
 
    The *func* will be passed to  :func:`sys.settrace` for each thread, before its
@@ -186,13 +250,13 @@ This module defines the following functions:
 
    .. index:: single: profile function
 
-   Set a profile function for all threads started from the :mod:`threading` module.
+   Set a profile function for all threads started from the :mod:`!threading` module.
    The *func* will be passed to  :func:`sys.setprofile` for each thread, before its
    :meth:`~Thread.run` method is called.
 
 .. function:: setprofile_all_threads(func)
 
-   Set a profile function for all threads started from the :mod:`threading` module
+   Set a profile function for all threads started from the :mod:`!threading` module
    and all Python threads that are currently executing.
 
    The *func* will be passed to  :func:`sys.setprofile` for each thread, before its
@@ -257,8 +321,8 @@ when implemented, are mapped to module-level functions.
 All of the methods described below are executed atomically.
 
 
-Thread-Local Data
------------------
+Thread-local data
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 Thread-local data is data whose values are thread specific. If you
 have data that you want to be local to a thread, create a
@@ -389,8 +453,8 @@ affects what we see::
 
 .. _thread-objects:
 
-Thread Objects
---------------
+Thread objects
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 The :class:`Thread` class represents an activity that is run in a separate
 thread of control.  There are two ways to specify the activity: by passing a
@@ -608,8 +672,8 @@ since it is impossible to detect the termination of alien threads.
 
 .. _lock-objects:
 
-Lock Objects
-------------
+Lock objects
+^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 A primitive lock is a synchronization primitive that is not owned by a
 particular thread when locked.  In Python, it is currently the lowest level
@@ -698,8 +762,8 @@ All methods are executed atomically.
 
 .. _rlock-objects:
 
-RLock Objects
--------------
+RLock objects
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 A reentrant lock is a synchronization primitive that may be acquired multiple
 times by the same thread.  Internally, it uses the concepts of "owning thread"
@@ -801,8 +865,8 @@ call release as many times the lock has been acquired can lead to deadlock.
 
 .. _condition-objects:
 
-Condition Objects
------------------
+Condition objects
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 A condition variable is always associated with some kind of lock; this can be
 passed in or one will be created by default.  Passing one in is useful when
@@ -973,8 +1037,8 @@ item to the buffer only needs to wake up one consumer thread.
 
 .. _semaphore-objects:
 
-Semaphore Objects
------------------
+Semaphore objects
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 This is one of the oldest synchronization primitives in the history of computer
 science, invented by the early Dutch computer scientist Edsger W. Dijkstra (he
@@ -1054,7 +1118,7 @@ Semaphores also support the :ref:`context management protocol <with-locks>`.
 
 .. _semaphore-examples:
 
-:class:`Semaphore` Example
+:class:`Semaphore` example
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 Semaphores are often used to guard resources with limited capacity, for example,
@@ -1082,8 +1146,8 @@ causes the semaphore to be released more than it's acquired will go undetected.
 
 .. _event-objects:
 
-Event Objects
--------------
+Event objects
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 This is one of the simplest mechanisms for communication between threads: one
 thread signals an event and other threads wait for it.
@@ -1139,8 +1203,8 @@ method.  The :meth:`~Event.wait` method blocks until the flag is true.
 
 .. _timer-objects:
 
-Timer Objects
--------------
+Timer objects
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 This class represents an action that should be run only after a certain amount
 of time has passed --- a timer.  :class:`Timer` is a subclass of :class:`Thread`
@@ -1177,8 +1241,8 @@ For example::
       only work if the timer is still in its waiting stage.
 
 
-Barrier Objects
----------------
+Barrier objects
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 .. versionadded:: 3.2