Update edx links in extra courses (#1343)

Most links were update to follow redirects.
The link to Delft University's Introduction to Functional Programming 404's, however, old links redirect to this URL, and so do search results on Edx. I assume this is a temporary issue from Edx and the page is supposed to be at this URL.

Colombia's Machine Learning and Data Science course is gone entirely, so that link was deleted.

Author: luccaflower

extras/courses.md

@@ -8,19 +8,19 @@ or that there was an alternative that fit better into the curriculum.
 
 Courses | Duration | Effort
 :-- | :--: | :--:
-[Introduction to Computational Thinking and Data Science](https://www.edx.org/course/introduction-computational-thinking-data-mitx-6-00-2x-2#!)([alt](https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-0002-introduction-to-computational-thinking-and-data-science-fall-2016/))| 10 weeks | 15 hours/week
-[Introduction to Computer Science - CS50](https://www.edx.org/course/introduction-computer-science-harvardx-cs50x#!) ([alt](https://cs50.harvard.edu/x/)) | 12 weeks | 10-20 hours/week
+[Introduction to Computational Thinking and Data Science](https://www.edx.org/learn/computer-science/massachusetts-institute-of-technology-introduction-to-computational-thinking-and-data-science#!)([alt](https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-0002-introduction-to-computational-thinking-and-data-science-fall-2016/))| 10 weeks | 15 hours/week
+[Introduction to Computer Science - CS50](https://www.edx.org/learn/computer-science/harvard-university-cs50-s-introduction-to-computer-science#!) ([alt](https://cs50.harvard.edu/x/)) | 12 weeks | 10-20 hours/week
 [Introduction to Computer Science (Udacity)](https://www.udacity.com/course/intro-to-computer-science--cs101)| 7 weeks | 10-20 hours/week
 [An Introduction to Interactive Programming in Python (Part 1)](https://www.coursera.org/learn/interactive-python-1)| 5 weeks | -
 [An Introduction to Interactive Programming in Python (Part 2)](https://www.coursera.org/learn/interactive-python-2)| - | -
-[Computing In Python, Part I: Fundamentals and Procedural Programming](https://www.edx.org/course/computing-in-python-i-fundamentals-and-procedural-programming-0) | 5 weeks | 10 hours/week
-[Computing In Python, Part II: Control Structures](https://www.edx.org/course/computing-in-python-ii-control-structures-0) | 5 weeks | 10 hours/week
-[Computing In Python, Part III: Data Structures](https://www.edx.org/course/computing-in-python-iii-data-structures-0) | 5 weeks | 10 hours/week
-[Computing In Python, Part IV: Objects & Algorithms](https://www.edx.org/course/computing-in-python-iv-objects-algorithms-0) | 5 weeks | 10 hours/week
-[Programming Basics](https://www.edx.org/course/programming-basics-iitbombayx-cs101-1x)| 9 weeks | 8 hours/week
+[Computing In Python, Part I: Fundamentals and Procedural Programming](https://www.edx.org/learn/python/the-georgia-institute-of-technology-computing-in-python-i-fundamentals-and-procedural-programming) | 5 weeks | 10 hours/week
+[Computing In Python, Part II: Control Structures](https://www.edx.org/learn/python/the-georgia-institute-of-technology-computing-in-python-ii-control-structures) | 5 weeks | 10 hours/week
+[Computing In Python, Part III: Data Structures](https://www.edx.org/learn/python/the-georgia-institute-of-technology-computing-in-python-iii-data-structures) | 5 weeks | 10 hours/week
+[Computing In Python, Part IV: Objects & Algorithms](https://www.edx.org/learn/python/the-georgia-institute-of-technology-computing-in-python-iv-objects-algorithms) | 5 weeks | 10 hours/week
+[Programming Basics](https://www.edx.org/learn/computer-programming/iitbombay-programming-basics)| 9 weeks | 8 hours/week
 [Object-Oriented Programming with Java](https://java-programming.mooc.fi/)| 14 weeks | 10 hours/week
 [Introduction to Programming with MATLAB](https://www.coursera.org/learn/matlab)| - | -
-[Introduction to Functional Programming](https://www.edx.org/course/introduction-functional-programming-delftx-fp101x-0)| 7 weeks | 4-6 hours/week
+[Introduction to Functional Programming](https://www.edx.org/learn/computer-programming/delft-university-of-technology-introduction-to-functional-programming)| 7 weeks | 4-6 hours/week <!-- currently 404's as of 2025-06-23 but redirects and search results on edx point to this URL -->
 [The Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs (2022, Python)](http://cs61a.org/) | - | -
 [The Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs (2011, Scheme)](https://romanbird.github.io/sicp/) | - | -
 [Introduction to Haskell](https://www.seas.upenn.edu/~cis194/fall16/) | 14 weeks | 4 hours/week
@@ -29,17 +29,17 @@ Courses | Duration | Effort
 
 Courses | Duration | Effort
 :-- | :--: | :--:
-[Effective Thinking Through Mathematics](https://www.edx.org/course/effective-thinking-through-mathematics-2) | 4 weeks | 2 hours/week
+[Effective Thinking Through Mathematics](https://www.edx.org/learn/math/the-university-of-texas-at-austin-effective-thinking-through-mathematics-2) | 4 weeks | 2 hours/week
 [Introduction to Mathematical Thinking](https://www.coursera.org/learn/mathematical-thinking) | 10 weeks | 10 hours/week
 [High School Math](https://www.khanacademy.org/math/high-school-math) | - | -
 [Precalculus](https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/precalculus) | 5 weeks | 6 hours/week
 [Advanced Precalculus](https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/advanced-precalculus) | 4 weeks | 5 hours/week
-[Calculus Applied!](https://www.edx.org/course/calculus-applied) | 10 Weeks | 6hours/week
+[Calculus Applied!](https://www.edx.org/learn/calculus/harvard-university-calculus-applied) | 10 Weeks | 6hours/week
 [Introduction to Probability and Data](https://www.coursera.org/learn/probability-intro)| - | -
 [Linear Algebra (Strang)](https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mathematics/18-06-linear-algebra-spring-2010/index.htm) | - | -
 [Introduction to Computational Thinking](https://computationalthinking.mit.edu/Spring21/#introduction_to_computational_thinking) | - | -
 [Multivariable Calculus](https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mathematics/18-02sc-multivariable-calculus-fall-2010/index.htm) | 13 weeks | 12 hours/week
-[Introduction to Probability - The Science of Uncertainty](https://www.edx.org/course/introduction-probability-science-mitx-6-041x-2) | 18 weeks | 12 hours/week | [Multivariable Calculus](https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mathematics/18-02sc-multivariable-calculus-fall-2010/index.htm)
+[Introduction to Probability - The Science of Uncertainty](https://www.edx.org/learn/probability/massachusetts-institute-of-technology-probability-the-science-of-uncertainty-and-data) | 18 weeks | 12 hours/week
 [Matrix Methods In Data Analysis, Signal Processing, And Machine Learning](https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/18-065-matrix-methods-in-data-analysis-signal-processing-and-machine-learning-spring-2018/) | - | -
 
 ## Systems
@@ -83,7 +83,6 @@ Courses | Duration | Effort
 [Database Management Essentials](https://www.coursera.org/learn/database-management) | 7 weeks | 4-6 hours/week
 [Intro to Artificial Intelligence](https://www.udacity.com/course/intro-to-artificial-intelligence--cs271)| 16 weeks | 6-10 hours/week
 [Intro to Machine Learning](https://www.udacity.com/course/intro-to-machine-learning--ud120)| 10 weeks | 6-10 hours/week
-[Machine Learning for Data Science and Analytics](https://www.edx.org/course/machine-learning-data-science-analytics-columbiax-ds102x-0)| 5 weeks | 7-10 hours/week
 [Big Data Science with the BD2K-LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center](https://www.coursera.org/course/bd2klincs)| 7 weeks | 4-5 hours/week
 
 ## Tools