composer: use caret instead of tilde for semver

Composer deviates from how npm handles semver for tilde constraints,
treating `~m.n` the same as `^m.n`. Let’s switch to the latter,
as it is less confusing for people switching between languages
and also what `composer require` defaults to these days.

https://jubianchi.github.io/semver-check/#/constraint/~3.0
https://getcomposer.org/doc/articles/versions.md#next-significant-release-operators
composer/composer#5396

While at it, also sort the packages.

Author: jtojnar

composer.json

@@ -12,18 +12,18 @@
 	],
 	"require": {
 		"php": ">=7.1",
-		"nette/forms": "~3.0",
-		"nette/utils": "~3.0",
-		"latte/latte": "~2.5"
+		"latte/latte": "^2.5",
+		"nette/forms": "^3.0",
+		"nette/utils": "^3.0"
 	},
 	"require-dev": {
-		"nette/application": "~3.0",
-		"nette/bootstrap": "~3.0",
-		"nette/di": "~3.0",
-		"nette/robot-loader": "~3.0",
-		"phpstan/phpstan-nette": "0.12.21",
+		"nette/application": "^3.0",
+		"nette/bootstrap": "^3.0",
+		"nette/di": "^3.0",
+		"nette/robot-loader": "^3.0",
 		"phpstan/phpstan": "0.12.99",
-		"tracy/tracy": "~2.5"
+		"phpstan/phpstan-nette": "0.12.21",
+		"tracy/tracy": "^2.5"
 	},
 	"extra": {
 		"branch-alias": {