Lecture 9

Readings due Today:

• Computing Machinery and Intelligence - Turing
• A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Project on AI - McCarthy, Minsky, Rochester, Shannon
• Lighthill Report and Replies - Lighthill, Sutherland, Needham, Longuet-Higgins, Michie

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Turing (1950)

Important historical note on Turing Test:

• As Presented: highly gendered (man or woman?)
• Modern Conception: free of gender (human or not?)

Turing test is operational, freed of philosophical concerns and social constructs

Chinese Room Argument (CRA) Caveat:

• Someone rotely doing the instructions cannot be said to be thinking, but passes Turing test!
• Conclusion: Turing test isn't what you think it is

Was Turing prescient or has everyone just been following Turing since 1950?

Lots of modern ideas: Randomness in Computation, Chaos Theory, etc.

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Dartmouth Report (1955)

Invention of term Artificial Intelligence

Surprisingly economical for birthing of field! ($13,200 in 1955 US Dollars < $200,000 in 2017 US Dollars) (cf.: $20 million for machine translation by 1960)

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Lighthill and Friends (not) (1973)

Lighthill is Lucasian Professor of Mathematics (others: Isaac Newton, Stephen Hawking)

• Trying to keep money with his friends!
• Intimidated by amount of money in the US going to this new-fangled thing

His categorization is pretty terrible:

• A: Advanced Automation
• B: Building Robots
• C: Computer-based CNS research (Neuroscience)

Lighthill arguing that people only getting results out of machine learning what (human intuition) they're putting into it

Dissecting field by claiming A and C from control theory and psychology whereas B was just bad

McCarthy Response: My field isn't within those! General problem planning and goal seeking Michie Response: Come see my robots, they do decently