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src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/datastructures/graphs/TopologicalSortDFS.java

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+package com.thealgorithms.datastructures.graphs;
+
+import java.util.*;
+
+/**
+ * Topological Sorting using Depth-First Search (DFS)
+ * 
+ * Topological sorting for Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) is a linear ordering of vertices
+ * such that for every directed edge u -> v, vertex u comes before v in the ordering.
+ * 
+ * Applications:
+ * - Task scheduling with dependencies
+ * - Build systems and compilation order
+ * - Course prerequisite ordering
+ * - Package dependency resolution
+ * 
+ * Time Complexity: O(V + E) where V is vertices and E is edges
+ * Space Complexity: O(V) for the stack and visited array
+ * 
+ * @author Your Name
+ */
+public class TopologicalSortDFS {
+
+    private int vertices;
+    private List<List<Integer>> adjList;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor to initialize the graph
+     * 
+     * @param vertices Number of vertices in the graph
+     */
+    public TopologicalSortDFS(int vertices) {
+        this.vertices = vertices;
+        adjList = new ArrayList<>(vertices);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < vertices; i++) {
+            adjList.add(new ArrayList<>());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add a directed edge from source to destination
+     * 
+     * @param src Source vertex
+     * @param dest Destination vertex
+     */
+    public void addEdge(int src, int dest) {
+        if (src >= 0 && src < vertices && dest >= 0 && dest < vertices) {
+            adjList.get(src).add(dest);
+        } else {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid vertex index");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Recursive DFS helper function for topological sorting
+     * 
+     * @param vertex Current vertex being visited
+     * @param visited Array to track visited vertices
+     * @param stack Stack to store the topological order
+     */
+    private void topologicalSortUtil(int vertex, boolean[] visited, Stack<Integer> stack) {
+        // Mark current vertex as visited
+        visited[vertex] = true;
+
+        // Recursively visit all adjacent vertices
+        for (Integer neighbor : adjList.get(vertex)) {
+            if (!visited[neighbor]) {
+                topologicalSortUtil(neighbor, visited, stack);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Push current vertex to stack after visiting all neighbors
+        // This ensures vertices are in reverse topological order in the stack
+        stack.push(vertex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Perform topological sort on the graph
+     * 
+     * @return List of vertices in topological order, or null if cycle detected
+     */
+    public List<Integer> topologicalSort() {
+        // Check if graph has cycles
+        if (hasCycle()) {
+            return null; // Topological sort not possible for cyclic graphs
+        }
+
+        Stack<Integer> stack = new Stack<>();
+        boolean[] visited = new boolean[vertices];
+
+        // Call the recursive helper function for all unvisited vertices
+        for (int i = 0; i < vertices; i++) {
+            if (!visited[i]) {
+                topologicalSortUtil(i, visited, stack);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Pop all vertices from stack to get topological order
+        List<Integer> result = new ArrayList<>();
+        while (!stack.isEmpty()) {
+            result.add(stack.pop());
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if the graph contains a cycle using DFS
+     * 
+     * @return true if cycle exists, false otherwise
+     */
+    public boolean hasCycle() {
+        boolean[] visited = new boolean[vertices];
+        boolean[] recStack = new boolean[vertices];
+
+        // Check for cycle starting from each vertex
+        for (int i = 0; i < vertices; i++) {
+            if (hasCycleUtil(i, visited, recStack)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Helper function to detect cycle using DFS
+     * 
+     * @param vertex Current vertex
+     * @param visited Array to track visited vertices
+     * @param recStack Recursion stack to track vertices in current path
+     * @return true if cycle detected, false otherwise
+     */
+    private boolean hasCycleUtil(int vertex, boolean[] visited, boolean[] recStack) {
+        // If vertex is in recursion stack, cycle detected
+        if (recStack[vertex]) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // If already visited and not in recursion stack, no cycle from this vertex
+        if (visited[vertex]) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Mark vertex as visited and add to recursion stack
+        visited[vertex] = true;
+        recStack[vertex] = true;
+
+        // Check all neighbors
+        for (Integer neighbor : adjList.get(vertex)) {
+            if (hasCycleUtil(neighbor, visited, recStack)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Remove vertex from recursion stack before backtracking
+        recStack[vertex] = false;
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the adjacency list representation of the graph
+     * 
+     * @return Adjacency list
+     */
+    public List<List<Integer>> getAdjList() {
+        return adjList;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Main method with example usage
+     */
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        // Example 1: Valid DAG
+        System.out.println("Example 1: Course Prerequisites");
+        TopologicalSortDFS graph1 = new TopologicalSortDFS(6);
+
+        // Course dependencies: must take course X before course Y
+        graph1.addEdge(5, 2); // Course 5 before Course 2
+        graph1.addEdge(5, 0); // Course 5 before Course 0
+        graph1.addEdge(4, 0); // Course 4 before Course 0
+        graph1.addEdge(4, 1); // Course 4 before Course 1
+        graph1.addEdge(2, 3); // Course 2 before Course 3
+        graph1.addEdge(3, 1); // Course 3 before Course 1
+
+        List<Integer> result1 = graph1.topologicalSort();
+        if (result1 != null) {
+            System.out.println("Topological Order: " + result1);
+        } else {
+            System.out.println("Cycle detected! Topological sort not possible.");
+        }
+
+        // Example 2: Cyclic Graph
+        System.out.println("\nExample 2: Cyclic Graph");
+        TopologicalSortDFS graph2 = new TopologicalSortDFS(3);
+        graph2.addEdge(0, 1);
+        graph2.addEdge(1, 2);
+        graph2.addEdge(2, 0); // Creates a cycle
+
+        List<Integer> result2 = graph2.topologicalSort();
+        if (result2 != null) {
+            System.out.println("Topological Order: " + result2);
+        } else {
+            System.out.println("Cycle detected! Topological sort not possible.");
+        }
+
+        // Example 3: Build System Dependencies
+        System.out.println("\nExample 3: Build System");
+        TopologicalSortDFS graph3 = new TopologicalSortDFS(4);
+        graph3.addEdge(0, 1); // Module 0 must be built before Module 1
+        graph3.addEdge(0, 2); // Module 0 must be built before Module 2
+        graph3.addEdge(1, 3); // Module 1 must be built before Module 3
+        graph3.addEdge(2, 3); // Module 2 must be built before Module 3
+
+        List<Integer> result3 = graph3.topologicalSort();
+        if (result3 != null) {
+            System.out.println("Build Order: " + result3);
+        } else {
+            System.out.println("Cycle detected! Build order not possible.");
+        }
+    }
+}