Use "PEP 585, type hinting generics in standard collections"

First added in Python 3.9, since support for Python 3.8 is dropped.

Author: JoshData

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+In Development
+--------------
+
+* Python 3.8 is no longer supported.
+
 2.3.0 (August 26, 2025)
 -----------------------
 

email_validator/__main__.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 import json
 import os
 import sys
-from typing import Any, Dict, Optional
+from typing import Any, Optional
 
 from .validate_email import validate_email, _Resolver
 from .deliverability import caching_resolver
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ def main(dns_resolver: Optional[_Resolver] = None) -> None:
     # The dns_resolver argument is for tests.
 
     # Set options from environment variables.
-    options: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    options: dict[str, Any] = {}
     for varname in ('ALLOW_SMTPUTF8', 'ALLOW_EMPTY_LOCAL', 'ALLOW_QUOTED_LOCAL', 'ALLOW_DOMAIN_LITERAL',
                     'ALLOW_DISPLAY_NAME',
                     'GLOBALLY_DELIVERABLE', 'CHECK_DELIVERABILITY', 'TEST_ENVIRONMENT'):

email_validator/deliverability.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Any, List, Optional, Tuple, TypedDict
+from typing import Any, Optional, TypedDict
 
 import ipaddress
 
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ def caching_resolver(*, timeout: Optional[int] = None, cache: Any = None, dns_re
 
 
 DeliverabilityInfo = TypedDict("DeliverabilityInfo", {
-    "mx": List[Tuple[int, str]],
+    "mx": list[tuple[int, str]],
     "mx_fallback_type": Optional[str],
     "unknown-deliverability": str,
 }, total=False)

email_validator/syntax.py

@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@
 import unicodedata
 import idna  # implements IDNA 2008; Python's codec is only IDNA 2003
 import ipaddress
-from typing import Optional, Tuple, TypedDict, Union
+from typing import Optional, TypedDict, Union
 
 
-def split_email(email: str) -> Tuple[Optional[str], str, str, bool]:
+def split_email(email: str) -> tuple[Optional[str], str, str, bool]:
     # Return the display name, unescaped local part, and domain part
     # of the address, and whether the local part was quoted. If no
     # display name was present and angle brackets do not surround
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def split_email(email: str) -> Tuple[Optional[str], str, str, bool]:
     # We assume the input string is already stripped of leading and
     # trailing CFWS.
 
-    def split_string_at_unquoted_special(text: str, specials: Tuple[str, ...]) -> Tuple[str, str]:
+    def split_string_at_unquoted_special(text: str, specials: tuple[str, ...]) -> tuple[str, str]:
         # Split the string at the first character in specials (an @-sign
         # or left angle bracket) that does not occur within quotes and
         # is not followed by a Unicode combining character.
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ def split_string_at_unquoted_special(text: str, specials: Tuple[str, ...]) -> Tu
 
         return left_part, right_part
 
-    def unquote_quoted_string(text: str) -> Tuple[str, bool]:
+    def unquote_quoted_string(text: str) -> tuple[str, bool]:
         # Remove surrounding quotes and unescape escaped backslashes
         # and quotes. Escapes are parsed liberally. I think only
         # backslashes and quotes can be escaped but we'll allow anything

email_validator/types.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import warnings
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Any, Optional, Union
 
 
 class ValidatedEmail:
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class ValidatedEmail:
 
     """If a deliverability check is performed and if it succeeds, a list of (priority, domain)
     tuples of MX records specified in the DNS for the domain."""
-    mx: List[Tuple[int, str]]
+    mx: list[tuple[int, str]]
 
     """If no MX records are actually specified in DNS and instead are inferred, through an obsolete
     mechanism, from A or AAAA records, the value is the type of DNS record used instead (`A` or `AAAA`)."""
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ def email(self) -> str:
 
     """For backwards compatibility, some fields are also exposed through a dict-like interface. Note
     that some of the names changed when they became attributes."""
-    def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> Union[Optional[str], bool, List[Tuple[int, str]]]:
+    def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> Union[Optional[str], bool, list[tuple[int, str]]]:
         warnings.warn("dict-like access to the return value of validate_email is deprecated and may not be supported in the future.", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
         if key == "email":
             return self.normalized
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ def as_constructor(self) -> str:
             + ")"
 
     """Convenience method for accessing ValidatedEmail as a dict"""
-    def as_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    def as_dict(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
         d = self.__dict__
         if d.get('domain_address'):
             d['domain_address'] = repr(d['domain_address'])

tests/mocked_dns_response.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Any, Dict, Iterator, Optional
+from typing import Any, Iterator, Optional
 
 import dns.exception
 import dns.rdataset
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ def create_resolver() -> dns.resolver.Resolver:
         return caching_resolver(cache=MockedDnsResponseData.INSTANCE, dns_resolver=dns_resolver)
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self.data: Dict[dns.resolver.CacheKey, Optional[MockedDnsResponseData.Ans]] = {}
+        self.data: dict[dns.resolver.CacheKey, Optional[MockedDnsResponseData.Ans]] = {}
 
     # Loads the saved DNS response data from the JSON file and
     # re-structures it into dnspython classes.

tests/test_deliverability.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Any, Dict
+from typing import Any
 
 import pytest
 import re
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ def test_deliverability_dns_timeout() -> None:
 def test_caching_dns_resolver() -> None:
     class TestCache:
         def __init__(self) -> None:
-            self.cache: Dict[Any, Any] = {}
+            self.cache: dict[Any, Any] = {}
 
         def get(self, key: Any) -> Any:
             return self.cache.get(key)